2023 Fisker Ocean Complaint Log

Vehicle has unresolved NHTSA Safety Recall 24V-405 (brake warning light display noncompliance). Brake warning illuminated at startup during dealer inspection on [XXX]. Vehicle is on OS 1.1.49 — recall remedy requires OS 2.1 before sale. Fisker's own recall documentation states vehicles must be updated before being released for sale. Dealer Axio EV, Salt Lake City UT is actively marketing this vehicle at $22,988 without completing the required recall remedy. When safety concern was raised, dealer responded 'then don't buy the car.' Six total open recalls on this vehicle, none disclosed to consumer. INFORMATION REDACTED PURSUANT TO THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FOIA), 5 U.S.C. 552(B)(6)

Lane Keep Assist is non-functional despite 2.3 update. Random faults on radar, blind-spot, lane-keep assist and rear-cross traffic. Adaptive Cruise Control in non-functioning despite 2.3 update. It's not just the weather or time of day. These alerts last happened on Friday, January 23, 2026, between 3:30 and 4:30 PM

The car is generating a random left turn signal error stating the bulb is out. However, on inspection it appears that all bulbs are working. The car makes a fast blinker warning sound as well as notification. This has been happening for a couple of months but happened again yesterday.

I had the vehicle updated to version 2.3.3 by a technician because my car would not update OTA. I thought this update would resolve the ADAS problems as well as the breaking problems. However, on three separate occasions my vehicle has come to an abrupt stop with automatic breaking when approaching a redlight / intersection with no other vehicles in front of me. This occurred while manually applying the break and then the car just took over. There were no forward collision warnings, rather the car was automatically forced to shuttering stop. An alert appears that the brake system has malfunctioned followed by both LED screens turning off and on. The break malfunction error appears several times. Eventually, the screens will restart and then when you try to put the car into gear a gear shift error appears and the car will not go into gear leaving me stranded in traffic. On one occasion these errors appeared when the car started up in a parking lot. These events are unpredictable and not tied to any visible obstacle. The vehicle cannot reliably receive over-the-air software updates due to persistent connectivity failure as I have tried updated to SW Version 2.5. As a result, both the past federally mandated safety recall remedies could not be delivered not any future updates. I have personally paid out of pocket for recall-related repairs and have not been reimbursed. I have not been contacted regarding replacement of recalled exterior door handles. Break and/or shift errors have occurred on May 28, 2025, Sept 3, 2025, Dec 3, 2055, Jan 9, 15, and 21 2026.

Both interior and exterior lighting keep coming on. The car is continually and significantly draining the battery from something. either the inability for the communication box to connect or from lighting coming on. My headlights and tails lights were on April 2, 2025 - Headlamps and Tail Lamps April 5, 2025 - Dash lights and rear passenger lamps September 28 - October 13 A friend was keeping my vehicle while I traveled abroad to keep it charged because the battery keeps draining. He reported that the lights came on almost daily. January 5 through January 8, 2026, Neighbor reported rear passenger overhead lighting on daily around 7:30 am.

The contact owns a 2023 Fisker Ocean. The contact received notifications of NHTSA Campaign Numbers: 24V466000 (Structure), 24V499000 (Electrical System), 24V623000 (Service Brakes, Electric), 24V865000 (Service Brakes, Hydraulic, AutoHold Brake System/Brake Hold), 24V405000 (Electrical System) and 24V404000 (Electrical System). The contact attempted to reach the manufacturer but was unsuccessful since the company had filed for bankruptcy and was no longer in business. The contact stated that the manufacturer had exceeded a reasonable amount of time for the recall repair. The contact had not experienced a failure.

The contact owns a 2023 Fisker Ocean. The contact received notification of NHTSA Campaign Number: 24V499000 (Electrical System); however, the part to do the recall repair was not available. The contact had not experienced a failure but had an independent mechanic performed the repairs at the owner's expense. The manufacturer was contacted for reimbursement and mailed a cheque that covered half the cost of the repairs. The contact stated that the manufacturer had failed to complete the recall repair free of charge.

The contact owns a 2023 Fisker Ocean. The contact stated that the vehicle failed to start. A mobile mechanic diagnosed the vehicle at the residence. The mechanic determined that the main battery had failed, and there was no communication from the battery. The vehicle was not repaired. The manufacturer was not notified of the failure. The failure mileage was approximately 32,598.

On August 22, American Lease agreed to pay for my recall work. They still haven't reimbursed me for the recall work. Additionally, although the software update was supposed to be included with the recall, they charged me to receive the software update.

In May of 2025 we received this email. We have written them 10 times with recall info and also in need of service. We have never received a response. We would love to get the car looked at and fixed, but no one has been able to help us. Our first 6 months with the vehicle, the key Fob stopped working multiple times and I had to get someone to pick up my kids, as I was stranded. As for the brakes, they shoot us forward every now and again when pressed. It is very scary. Dear Ocean Owners: Enrollment for repair as well as reimbursement for published NHTSA ( [XXX] ) recalls on the model year 2023 Fisker Ocean is now open until August 31st 2025. If your vehicle is in need of recall related work performed please email [XXX] and include your vehicle identification number, full name address and phone number. You will be contacted and scheduled for required repairs. INFORMATION REDACTED PURSUANT TO THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FOIA), 5 U.S.C. 552(B)(6)

Our Fisker Ocean is occasionally having an issue when a passenger is sitting in the rear driver side or middle seat. It seems like something related to the seat sensor causes the computer to freeze or get bogged down. When it occurs, the symptoms include: -The yellow front collision and lane change ADAS warnings pop up simultaneously -Cruise control shuts off -Speedometer freezes -Blinkers don’t work (which also means hazard lights don’t) -Regen turns off but braking still works -Tomtom stops tracking the car accurately -Radio freezes -There may be other systems affected that we haven't noticed. A bit of experimentation with the passengers we were able to figure out workarounds. Lifting themselves off the seat all the issues would resolve pretty much immediately. Leaning the seat back down and then putting it back up almost always took care of the issue and it wouldn’t come back for a while or at all.

The Break System is malfunctioning. ADAS System Malfunctioning. Internet problem. The driver's side left HVAC is making a cracking sound. I received a Recall message from the manufacturer and NHTSA, but the person from the dealership service is not going to fix the problem, and he says the message is not Valid. Please help me go through this. And he is not going to honor the warranty. FYI, I also uploaded a picture and Text copy of the message from the manufacturer and NHTSA. Dear Ocean Owners: Enrollment for repair as well as reimbursement for published. NHTSA recalls [XXX] the model year 2023 Fisker Ocean are now open until August 31st, 2025. Suppose your vehicle is in need of recal related work performed. Please email [XXX] and include your vehicle Identification number, full name, address, and phone number. You will be contacted and scheduled for required repairs. If you have previously had recall-related work on your Ocean performed by a third-party repair provider, and seek reimbursement. Please email [XXX] and include your vehicle identification number, full name, address, and phone number. Please include receipts clearly demonstrating the work performed and the repair center that performed them. You will be contacted for reimbursement processing as soon as possible. Thank you INFORMATION REDACTED PURSUANT TO THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FOIA), 5 U.S.C. 552(B)(6)

The contact owns a 2023 Fisker Ocean. The contact received notification of NHTSA Campaign Number: 24V499000 (Electrical System); however, the part to do the recall repair was not yet available. The contact stated that the manufacturer had exceeded a reasonable amount of time for the recall repair. The dealer was made aware of the issue and confirmed that parts were not yet available. The contact attempted to contact American Lease and Fisker Owners Association but was unsuccessful. The contact had not experienced a failure. VIN tool search not available.

Dear Sir or Madam, I am writing to file a formal complaint regarding a critical safety failure of my Fisker Ocean One. This incident involved a sudden and total loss of power while driving, which created a severe safety hazard for myself and other motorists. Date of Incident: [Date the incident occurred] Location of Incident: [Name of Highway, City, State, e.g., Interstate 35, Austin, TX] Detailed Description of the Incident: On [Date of Incident], while I was operating my Fisker Ocean One on the highway, the vehicle experienced a sudden and complete loss of motive power without any prior warning. The vehicle decelerated and came to a stop in a live traffic lane, rendering it a dangerous obstruction. Immediately following the power loss, I made multiple attempts to restart the vehicle and engage "Drive." The vehicle's systems were unresponsive. Despite repeated efforts, the gear selector would not shift into drive, and the vehicle remained immobile. Shortly after these failed attempts, the vehicle's entire electrical system powered off, leaving the car completely disabled on the highway. This catastrophic failure created an extremely dangerous situation, leaving me stranded in a vulnerable position and at high risk of being struck by other vehicles. The inability to move the car, even to the shoulder, constitutes a grave design or manufacturing defect. Given that the manufacturer, Fisker Inc., has declared bankruptcy, I am not filing this complaint with the expectation of a warranty repair or corporate response. Instead, I am submitting this report to formally document this dangerous defect for public safety records and to urge your agency to investigate this issue. The sudden and complete failure of the powertrain and electrical systems in the Fisker Ocean presents a significant risk to all owners and the public

There are so many issues with this vehicle that started right from the beggining when I purchased it back 2023): •The sensors in the car beep frequently even when nothing is in the way. •When using the brakes, the car will sometimes abruptly brake aggressively •Middle console of the inside of the car makes random noises constantly. •Wheels have no traction! Spin when going uphill. •Most importantly the vehicle shuts down automatically. NO warning or signs.

Incomplete Software updates. Unreimbursed recall repairs. Removal of connectivity and car safety features.

ADAS warning lights often go off while driving - distracting to driver I am still getting errors , even after water pump replaced (recall 24V499000 (Water pump)) as car still gets errors and shuts down, comes to a COMPLETE STOP WHILE DRIVING. incredibly dangerous. Water pump recall replacement cost me $201.20 in labor costs.

Front passager side door will not open when unlocked. This door handle was a replacement for the original handle that had the same defect. The second handle was installed in March 2025 This then would be the second handle that failed

The contact owns a 2023 Fisker Ocean. The contact was concerned that the exterior door handles were sticking and failing to open the doors as intended. Upon investigation, the contact became aware of NHTSA Campaign Number: 24V466000 (STRUCTURE). The contact was unable to contact the manufacturer for assistance. The contact had not experienced a failure.

There is an outstanding water pump recall on my vehicle. It has never been addressed and has never been fixed. The vehicle can lose power at any given time and is not drivable. Fisker has gone bankrupt and there isn't anyone to address this safety issue. THIS NEEDS TO BE FIXED! IT IS A ROAD HAZARD ! 24V499000 (Water pump)

Door handle not working also water pump for A/C not working

It has lots of faults in it. . 1. I got only one key( sometime works sometimes not), It asks for the key to put on NFS reader several times. 2. Transmission problem( it is so irritating when have an emergency to go somewhere and car doesn't gets starts, unable to do gear shifting . Sometimes while driving, especially standing in the traffic areas or red lights, the gear has turned into P mode automatically, then it's hard to turn it back on D mode. People honks . 3. ABS (while driving , sometimes it stops automatically . I'm at the highest danger when cars are coming from behind on speed and my car stops instantly. 4. Hazardous signs( Many hazardous lights coming on screen without any reason) the car starts making noises .. 5. Tires (Bridgestone tires were their on my car when I bought it, it runs only 30-31000 and gone flat, no warranty is covered? Usually Bridgestone runs 80000 kms on other electric cars. Also, there is a tire pressure sign coming continuously from a year without any reason. I went CHK the tire many times and then I needed to change the tires, those are really expensive ( $2500). 6. Tailgate( Car doesn't let me pull out the tailgate ) errors showing on the screen as a malfunction in tailgate 7. Fisker app( it does not work properly, it doesn't let me lock , unlock ,start , shut the car off) also says missing your noble key. 8. Door handles( it has sensor problems, sometimes it doesn't work . I have to struggle a lot to open the car sometimes. Driver side door handle is cracked while driving without even touching the handle. The back door handle is permanently in .. I have to open the back door from inside. 9. Tools ( No basic tools were in the car like Jack,tool kit, charger , tire inflator etc. Hope you can take the actions on the requested problems. Thanks

Vehicle has not have the complete OS2.2 update mandated by the recalls, vehicle does not have ADAS at all, it’s completely turned off

Our Fisker Ocean One since it was disconnected from the cloud, now the cluster screen and main infotainment screen go black, can’t see the speed, can’t adjust temperature or turn on A/C, sometimes it works and when accelerating and staying in motion goes black

I’m contacting NHTSA to let you know that I have an open recalls that I am trying to get performed. I would like to know how to get reimbursed for the ace recalls for my vehicle as it is crucial to get done ASAP. The issue I have with a car with only 200 miles is that the door handles don’t open properly and the air condition Vents are not opening properly and there were numerous recalls that I would like to get performed and I’m not sure how to go about that with reimbursements . I am also having numerous lights on my dashboard for safety going on and off.

All Fisker Ocean vehicles were supposed to receive a full 2.2 OS update. However, I received 2.2 (2/3) partial update. I have waited since end of 2024. No full update was ever pushed via OTA on my Fisker Ocean One. I'm the very first Fisker owner. The full 2.2 OS update will fix many software bugs which still exist on my vehicle today.

My Fisker ocean is unable to connect to the cloud following the recent disconnection by American Lease. My vehicle is still on software 2.0 "On June 5, 2024, Fisker notified the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) of two recalls for Cluster Telltales and Powertrain Modules. Both issues are addressed with the OS 2.1 software update." What is the path to update my vehicle?

I am having a lot of software and adas faults. I payed for the 2.2 software update and then I was sent OTA a 2.2.2 update which is older and worse and now I have a lot of faults. Not safe

The Fisker Ocean was delivered with door handles that have major physical defects, including entrapment inside the vehicle in the case of 12V power loss and users unable to enter the vehicle. In my case, I have installed an emergency door hatch release myself in the trunk of the car to prevent entrapment. I have also ordered the new Gen2A door handles manufactured by Chevalier. These Gen2A door handles should have been provided free of charge to all Fisker Ocean owners if the company still existed. I believe we should be compensated for faulty and dangerous door handles. American Lease, the company now responsible for the fleet of Fisker Oceans, should pay for the handles and the repair cost. I have included the receipt of the door handles I had to purchase, but this does not include the labor cost to install them (at least $1,000). In addition, the Fisker Ocean was delivered with problematic rear reading lights that turn on randomly due to a faulty metal switch. This means the light can turn on when the car is parked and off, or even more dangerously, while driving (especially at night). I removed the switch. Finally, the Fisker Ocean was delivered with electrical wiring that was not properly waterproofed causing many, many errors for users. I have taken off the front and rear bumpers to properly waterproof these wirings, taking hours of my free time to protect connectors from water ingress. This is unacceptable for a car that was produced in 2023-2024.

My Fisker Ocean ICC infotainment screen and the lower climate and sound control panel have stopped functioning. Initially it was restarting on its own once in a while. Once it was able to get booted up, all eletronics, vents and sound controls were still working. However, ICC has now been blacked out and stays in start loop every 5 mins. I have fully lost the climate control and sound system. It has created a dangerous driving environment as the windshield cannot be defogged at bad weather. I lost heat and AC along with the sound system and other electronic controls from the ICC.

The contact owns a 2023 Fisker Ocean. The contact stated while driving at an undisclosed, the accelerator pedal was depressed; however, the vehicle failed to accelerate as intended. The contact stated the vehicle hesitated before accelerating. No warning light was illuminated. The vehicle was not diagnosed or repaired by an independent mechanic or dealer. The contact received notification of NHTSA Campaign Number: 24V499000 (Electrical System); however, the part to do the recall repair was unavailable. The contact stated that the manufacturer had exceeded a reasonable amount of time for the recall repair. The manufacturer was not made aware of the failure. The failure mileage was 7,000.

I was driving the car and it suddenly lost all power and created hazards situation in the middle of the road. The car stalled, luckily there were not much traffic and I was able to stop and after a while it regained some power so I was able to drive the car back home.

Was able to get the water pump replaced per NHTSA recall campaign 24V499000. However, I was required to pay for the labor and no request for reimbursement can be filed with the manufacturer or the trustee that has been designated to handle the recall.

There are multiple outstanding Recalls for the Fisker Ocean, yet my VIN returned no active Recalls even though it recognized my car. This doesn't make much sense to me. There are currently at least two critical safety issues that reached recall status, related to the Driver's Door Handle and the Electric Water Pump. Reimbursement is required by both the NHTSA and bankruptcy court and the court designated that American Lease was responsible for processing and paying those reimbursements. I need to have both the door handle and water pump recalls performed by a FISKER (FOA) approved servicing center, for the sake of my safety and the safety of others on the road when I drive my vehicle. There is currently no process by which receipts can be submitted and payments received, or for service providers to be reimbursed directly by American Lease. This violates both the court's order as well as NHTSA regulations and laws. This is going to leave me out nearly $1000, which I am, legally, not supposed to be paying, just to keep my car in somewhat safe condition for driving. Please address this so that those who purchased and acted in good faith have reimbursement as required by law. Thank you.

I am a Fisker Ocean One owner and was able to schedule time with EV Works in Bainbridge, WA for replacement of parts related to NHTSA recalls. They were great to work with and were able to complete the replacements as expected. They replace the Water Pump (24V499000) and all four Door Handles that failed the testing (24V466000). All parts were provided at no cost. However, I was required to pay out of pocket for all labor related to this mandatory free recall: $1019.28. Two other issues were looked at as part of my visit to EV Works. They inspected and waterproofed electrical connectors in the front passenger side bumper. Fisker failed to adequately protect these as part of the vehicle assembly and they are known to get water intrusion and fail. This cost out of pocket $71.60. Part of why EV Works was looking at the electrical connections is because I have an ADAS Radar Fault warning. They determined this is caused by failure of both front mid range radar components. which leaves the vehicle with no Blind Spot Monitoring. I have heard of several other owners online reporting a similar issue with their cars. I expect this is due to low quality parts used in assembly and that more cars will start to get this warning and lose the ADAS feature. EV Works quoted this replacement as $980.97 but I have not completed the repair yet. This should have been covered by Fisker warranty.

I paid out of my own pocket for a safety recall, with no evidence I will ever be refunded, and the recall team has un-done my recall update. This is the 2.2 update that was put in place to fix the potential issues with the safety of the vehicle. I do not know what they have undone. I know that my system went from full 2.2 software to 2.2.2 (part2) of the update. I have no idea if they will now update the vehicle back to the safe 2.2 version, as there are zero plans, and the recall team is insisting that this partial update satisfies all the recalls. But the recall documents say 2.2, not a partial update.. god knows if it is even safe to sit in this incomplete configuration. Still no plans to get water pumps and door handles done yet either. I just started calling tech to travel to my area for these services. 10 of us are going to be paying out of pocet for these recalls as well.

I am writing to express my deep concerns regarding the ongoing issues that are being seen with the NHTSA recall campaign numbers 24V865000 and 24V623000. The experience I had with my Fisker vehicle following the 2.2 Over-the-Air (OTA) update attempt left my vehicle un-driveable from Jun 15 2024 through Oct 26 2024. This had left me in an inconvenient and frustrating situation. As a result, I had to incur additional expenses to have the necessary safety updates completed to restore my vehicle's functionality. This is far from the experience that I expected when signing up for a free mandated safety recall. While my vehicle was functioning fine after this manual update, on April 17th 2025 the OTA team pushed a software update 2.2.2 which seems to have regressed my car to some older version which has made it unstable again. It is draining battery much faster than before and my passenger side door handle won't extend anymore. This is going to require me to get these fixed at an additional cost. Moreover, I've noticed a concerning trend regarding the frequency of issues reported by fellow owners after OTA updates.I urge you to address these issues promptly, putting more vehicles in danger of becoming un-driveable because of the safety recall process being flawed may not be helpful in this current process. Additionally, I would appreciate any assistance you can offer in resolving my current situation and compensating for the expenses incurred due to this inconvenience. Thank you for your attention to this matter.

An over the air software update was sent and has messed up my car causing it to not sleep, run high voltage and 12v battery down. I have lost 4g connectivity after this update as well.

If the door handles are in the unlocked position when 12 volt power is lost to the door handles, the handles do not open, potentially trapping occupants inside the vehicle.

Unknown

The contact owns a 2023 Fisker Ocean One. The contact stated that while driving at an undisclosed speed, the contact became aware of an abnormal coolant burning odor. The contact had received notifications of NHTSA Campaign Numbers: 24V499000 (Electrical System), 24V466000 (Structure), and 24V623000 (Service Brakes, Electric). The contact stated that the unrepaired recalls could be performed because the manufacturer was no longer in business. The contact sent an email to the [XXX] , which was the point of contact; however, no correspondence was received within the past three months. The failure mileage was approximately 14,000. INFORMATION REDACTED PURSUANT TO THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FOIA), 5 U.S.C. 552(B)(6)

Fisker Ocean owners have a safety recall regarding sudden "acceleration" when the regen brake suddenly stop working that require a software update which they have consistently failed to install remotely. Today I drove 7 hours to have someone install it on-site and they said that "American lease" blocked their access to the FAST diagnostic tool which is blocking th from installing my recall. This is unacceptable. American lease is doing a bait and switch asking dealers to pay a $6k fee out of the blue to keep access to the tool and dealers are deciding not to pay which blocks our safety recall. I can't pay and have it installed.

without any announcement, they pushed OTA updates caused my car bricked due to Fault Drive unit Module issue . this is happened second time . this is very scary what happens if they while driving and car bricked on high way . please teat as very critical issue .

I received an update without any prior notice, and my vehicle stopped abruptly in the middle of the highway, making it impossible to move or start for a few minutes. I had to reset it before I could continue driving. Unfortunately, this issue keeps occurring while I'm on the road. It seems that software updates have been pushed, and the vehicle consistently stops whenever these updates happen during driving.

An OTA update got pushed to my car without warning, and for over a month the infotainment screen (which has all info on car, controls, etc) was not working. Car did drive, though. Then, last week, the infotainment panel started working by itself again, but car functions such as lane assist / automatic nudge, collision avoidance function, and auto emergency braking stopped working (to be fair, they may have stopped when the screen went blank initially, but I wasn't paying too much attention and I didn't drive the car very much). There is no fault code or warning. These systems just don't work. Interestingly, the lane departure warning (a light that goes on if there is a car in your blind spot) started working, and it never has before.

Component/System Failure: Lane-Keeping Assist: Malfunctioned during highway turns, aggressively steering toward the shoulder, creating a collision risk. Turning off the feature does not prevent it from re-engaging. Braking & Acceleration: After hitting a pothole, braking failed to engage properly, and the car unexpectedly accelerated, requiring immediate action to regain control. Regenerative Braking: Inconsistent performance made it difficult to stop at higher speeds or downhill, increasing the risk of losing control. Random Parking Engagement: While reaching into my back pocket at low speed, the car unexpectedly shifted into "Park," abruptly stopping in traffic and posing a rear-end collision risk. Brake System Malfunction: A persistent "Brake System Malfunction" warning appears during normal driving, raising concerns about braking reliability. Availability for Inspection: The vehicle is available for inspection upon request. Safety Risks: Lane-Keeping Assist: Unintended steering toward the shoulder endangers me and other road users. Braking & Acceleration: Failure to brake and unexpected acceleration create hazardous conditions. Regenerative Braking: Inconsistent braking may lead to loss of control, particularly at high speeds or downhill. Random Parking Engagement: Unexpected shifts into "Park" in traffic could result in a collision. Brake System Malfunction: Persistent warnings and unreliable braking compromise vehicle safety. Reproduction/Confirmation by Dealer: The dealer has been notified, but no permanent fix has been provided. The safety issues remain unresolved. Warning Lamps/Messages: The "Brake System Malfunction" alert frequently appears during normal driving, along with braking failures and lane-keeping assist malfunctions. In addition to other system alerts.

In the last month, in the middle of driving with no sound playing, our vehicle has been automatically turning on the radio at loud volumes, always to 103.3, a radio station we never listen to (in another language).

American Leasing updated my software to 2.2.1,2.2.2, and I no longer have Blind spot monitoring, emergency braking, and lane keep assist. All Safety ISSUES!!!!

I am unable to find the recall information regarding my Fisker Ocean One by using my VIN of [XXX] . I have yet to receive the 2.2 software update as of yet due to a recall of my vehicle. Can you please provide me with information as to when I can receive the software update? INFORMATION REDACTED PURSUANT TO THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FOIA), 5 U.S.C. 552(B)(6)

An over-the-air update was supplied (2.2.2) unannounced. It is NOT the complete 2.2 software and no one can provide us with information why it does not include all 2.2 features required by the NHSTA. Still get occasional issues with ADAs warnings. I would like the FULL 2.2 update the NHSTA ordered the company/bankruptcy trustee to be installed.